From pumpkins to ghosts, haunted houses, and dressing up with friends, we’ve all heard something about Halloween. But what do you know about its ancient Celtic influence, Samhain?
When the veil between the living and the dead is thin, the doorway to powerful divination and deep introspection opens. As leading publishers of spiritual and witchcraft books, we know that many practitioners draw on a range of sources to inform and influence their unique practice, and while some favour modern rituals and witch oracle cards, others prefer something rich with tradition and ancient ceremony.
In this guide to Samhain, we’ll unpack the meaning of Samhain, how it differs from the modern Halloween holiday and around the world, and how you can honour your ancestors during your next Samhain rituals.
The Meaning of Samhain
If you’re looking to define Samhain (pronounced “Sow-wen”) or Samhain’s meaning, it’s important to note that the word is believed to come from an older Irish word meaning “summer’s end”.
It’s an ancient Gaelic harvest festival, typically from dusk on the evening of October 31st into the 1st day of November to usher in the “dark half of the year”.
For witches in the Southern Hemisphere, Samhain festivals are held on the night of April 30th into May 1st to align with the traditionally celebrated seasons, although these dates can shift to reflect astrological cross-quarter calculations.
Across both the northern and southern hemisphere, the festival marks the end of summer and the beginning of winter, or the midway point between the autumn equinox and the winter solstice for the Northern Hemisphere.
It’s widely believed that the veil between the physical and spirit world (or Otherworld) is thinnest during Samhain, providing witches, pagans, and spiritual seekers with a powerful opportunity for divination and connecting with the dead.
The History of Samhain
Ancient Celtic Traditions
Ancient Celts believed Samhain to be the most important of four Celtic cross-quarter days, a period between the autumn equinox and the winter solstice.
Samhain marked the time of year when farmers would return livestock from their summer pastures, and begin harvesting crops for the coming winter. During this time, ancient Celts would light hearth fires in their home, and leave them burning while the harvest was being gathered.
Afterwards, they would join local druid priests for communal celebrations around small bonfires. These fires, known as Samghnagans, were often lit near farms to help protect the townsfolk from the harmful fayfolk and monsters associated with Samhain.
It was also a common practice for ancient Celtic pagans to build altars of their dead, and celebrate them through festivity, feasting, and dance.
By Nicola McIntosh
QUEEN OF SPIRIT – NICNEVIN

“The Queen of Spirits calls you
to embrace your inner knowing and trust the transformative power of the unseen forces around you.”
Nicnevin, often referred to as the Queen of the Witches or Faeries, is a mystical figure from Scottish folklore.
She is associated with Samhain, the liminal time when the veil between the worlds is thinnest, and her symbols include carved and illuminated pumpkins to light the way for the spirit’s transition.
The goose (as seen in the frame bordering the figure) is another symbol of note, as the Celts saw them as spirit messengers.
Christian Influence
As Christianity spread its influence, it gradually absorbed the cultural customs and practices of people from all around the world – including the ancient Celts, and the festival of Samhain.
This Christianisation brought about Hallowtide, a three-day observance to honour the dead that includes All Hallows’ Eve, All Saints’ Day, and All Souls’ Day.
The Roman Catholic church first introduced All Saints’ Day in 609 AD to recognise all holy people who have reached heaven. Over the course of the 8th and 9th centuries, All Saints’ Day was moved to November 1st and brought before the entire church, spreading its influence even further around the world.
Following this, November 2nd became All Souls’ Day, a day of prayer and remembrance for the dead.
And October 31st, Samhain’s Eve, became All Hallows’ Eve, paving the way for the modern tradition of Halloween.
Modern Celebrations: Samhain vs Halloween
While there is a clear line that can be drawn between the ancient Celtic festival that is Samhain and the Halloween holiday we know today, and while the two celebrations do share some similarities, their origins and purpose are distinctly unique.
Some of those key differences between Samhain and Halloween include:
|
Feature |
Samhain |
Halloween |
|
Origin |
Ancient Celtic pagan tradition |
Blend of Christian holy evening and secular community celebration |
|
Date |
October 31st–November 1st |
October 31st |
|
Purpose |
Spiritual reflection, celebrating the harvest, and honouring the dead (the cycle of life, death, and rebirth) |
Celebrating the supernatural, dressing up for fun, and seeking spooky thrills |
|
Beliefs |
Veil between the physical world and the Otherworld is at its thinnest, allowing spirits and communication to cross between realms |
Positions ghosts and fay as playful décor, separating festivity from the spiritual significance of the original tradition |
|
Traditions |
Home hearths, communal bonfires (Samghagans), harvest, offerings, and divination |
Costumes, trick-or-treating, and jack-o’-lanterns |
|
Costumes |
Masks or animal skins were worn to confuse harmful spirits and fayfolk |
Extravagant costumes are worn to impress and entertain |
|
Lantern Carving |
Faces carved into turnips or potatoes to ward off wandering spirits and folklore’s Stingy Jack |
Designs carved into pumpkins, typically faces but often pop-culture references or complex artwork |
|
Offerings |
Food, drink, and natural gifts were left to honour ancestors and appease wandering spirits |
Sweets are given to children in exchange for a trick (or more commonly, a joke) |
|
Associated Colours |
Black, white, orange, red |
Orange, black, green, purple |
What Can You Do To Celebrate Samhain?
If you’re interested in celebrating this transformative time of the year, there are a few rituals you can perform from the comfort of home, or with your fellow witches, to honour the dead and reflect on your past and present.
Samhain Altars to Honour Ancestors
Locate a space, ideally somewhere quiet with a strong connection to nature, and create a Samhain altar with items that connect you to loved ones that have passed.
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Photos or symbols — honour your loved ones and ancestors by placing photos, trinkets, or keepsakes to their memory on your altar.
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Harvest-related foods or offerings
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Items from nature – honour Pagan tradition and bring the energy of the harvest and transformation to your altar with stones, crystals, leaves, or harvest-related foods (such as pumpkins, corn, grains, and wheat).
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A small offering for the deceased – whether that’s their favourite food and drinks, or coins and trinkets as a symbol of wealth and goodwill.
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Tarot & oracle cards — while the veil between worlds is thin, it’s an ideal time to reflect and connect with your favourite divination tools, like those in our dedicated Samhain tarot and oracle card collection.
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Candles – flame represents the fire of transformation, and serves as a guiding light for spirits crossing between the realms. You may want to consider using candles in the colours of Samhain, like orange for warmth or white for protection.
“Light a taper candle for each ancestor you want to remember — or for each ending in your life this year. Jobs, relationships, habits, fears. Let them go with fire. Let them be honored with flame.”
— Lorraine Anderson, author of Seasons of the Witch: Samhain Oracle & Spirit Element
Divination & Connection to the Otherworld
Samhain’s connection to the realm beyond opens the door to communicating with spirits and those who have passed, making it an ideal time to practise divination.
Ancient Samhain divination practices saw people peel apples to reveal their destiny, throw nuts into fires to learn fates, and peer into mirrors or the surface of water to try and catch a glimpse of the future.
You may be familiar with some of these traditions, or perhaps their evolved forms, as many are echoed in modern tarot and oracle introspective practices, such as:
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Marking the midnight hour – when the clock strikes midnight on Samhain, you can pull one tarot or oracle card for the year ahead. Alternatively, you can gaze into a candle flame, bowl of water, or mirror to see what’s ahead (this is known as scrying)
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Slicing an apple star – take an apple and slice it horizontally through its middle to reveal the five-pointed seed star within, and count the seeds to reveal the apple’s message
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0–4 seeds: release and letting go of things that no longer serve you
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5–7 seeds: new growth and opportunities
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8+ seeds: abundance, blessings, and support
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Reading an ancestor spread – pull 4–5 cards to learn more about your ancestors and what they can teach you, from what you should release in the coming year to how you can grow and support your growth while honouring their memory.

Seasons of the Witch: Samhain Oracle Deluxe Edition
By Lorraine Anderson & Juliet Diaz
ANCESTORS

“Rest easy: you have chosen this card because you are being protected and guided, even if you can’t see how.”
Your ancestors are always with you, protecting you. They watch over you and keep you from harm’s way.
They are present, telling you it is safe to go forward and you absolutely need to. You feel them with you.
Reversed, the answer you seek is with your ancestors. They are waiting for your call.
Reflect & Release with Samhain-Inspired Journalling
Whether you regularly journal or save your reflection for pivotal moments and special occasions, Samhain is a powerful touchpoint for anyone seeking to free their soul and record the transformative spiritual influence of the season on their life.
You can approach your self-reflection however you like, by yourself, with your preferred divination cards, or with your community. However, if you need further guidance or something to prompt your Samhain journaling, you could ask yourself:
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Is there anything you want your ancestors to know?
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What are you holding onto?
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What do you want to let go of?
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What scares you about the year ahead?
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What do you hope stays the same?
For a more structured approach to your journaling, the Seasons of the Witch Samhain journal – with its 50 prompts and ample space for thought – can help you expand on the guidance you receive from your reflection, or from your cards.

Seasons of the Witch Samhain journal
By Lorraine Anderson
Shared Celebration
Samhain can be celebrated in whatever way feels most aligned to your personal spiritual practice. We’re all invited to grow and transform with the changing of the season – alone, or by celebrating in ceremony with your community as the ancient Celts did.
Traditionally, Samhain gatherings were a place for many people to feast, drink, and join in on physical contests or games. A community bonfire was central to the festivity, lit by druids for the ancient Celts to feed with tribute and sacrifice.
For modern witches, Samhain celebrations with coven and community involve many of the same practices, such as:
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Holding a dumb supper — prepare a feast and set the table with extra plates for spirits to join (you can eat in silence if you want to, allowing each member of your coven to reflect and freely communicate with the spirits).
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Lighting a communal bonfire — embrace ancient Celtic tradition by lighting a bonfire with your community at sunset to usher in the dark half of the year.
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Building a shared altar — follow the same steps as you would to create a personal Samhain ancestors altar but in collaboration with your community, honouring your shared ancestors and loved ones instead.
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Sharing a release ritual — create a safe space to communicate with the spirits and write down what you’d like to let go of from the past year, and release that negative energy by burning your lists together.
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Performing group divinations — come together with your favourite divination tools (tarot cards, scrying mirror, or runes) to share and confirm your intent for the year.
Coven & Community
Whether you’re gathering to honour the dead, your ancestors, or loved ones, the power that comes from connection and group practice is not limited to Samhain.
Many covens choose to meet throughout the year to strengthen their magic and connect through the veil. Through collective ritual, witches can draw on their shared focus, and lift their magickal energy by aligning to the power of the people and nature surrounding them.
While discussing her latest book, Coven, world renowned witch and author Fiona Horne had this to say about the importance of community:
"We gather as a testament to community, loyalty, trust, courage, the willingness to be human together, to witness each other's mistakes, each other's victories. There is a real inherent power in presence, in community, in coming together. You see people's lives transform, and that's the power of collective magic: collective transformation […]
“I could talk about some radical stuff I've experienced in Circle, where I've been gathered on a hill in Salem, Massachusetts, with other witches, and we've been doing a gathering together under ... a very low-hanging sickle moon, dark yellow moon.
“We were honouring the witches – the women that had lost their lives in Salem, wrongly accused of witchcraft – and there was just this moment where we all aligned in this sense of intense connection, raising power. We were breathing together, we cried out together, and the wind just whipped up ... it was like just everything just took off.”
How Is Samhain Celebrated Today?
Samhain is, traditionally, a celebration held in late autumn to celebrate the changing of the season. However, as we know, seasons vary depending on which hemisphere you live in.
If you’re wondering “how is Samhain celebrated?” or “when is Samhain held?”, we’ve outlined some of the key differences below:
|
Feature |
Northern Hemisphere |
Southern Hemisphere |
|
Samhain Dates |
October 31st–November 1st |
April 30th–May 1st |
|
Season |
Autumn into winter |
Autumn into winter |
|
Traditional Celebrations |
Bonfires, feasting, lantern carving, altars |
Altars, feasting, reflection, and fire |
|
Regional Differences |
States in the northwest celebrate Samhain with a focus on the outdoors; southern states often blend Samhain ritual with ancestral Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) celebrations, and local witch gatherings are held in Salem each year to honour the dead |
Any fires held in celebration of Samhain must adhere to local fire restrictions for the season, and many practitioners choose to swap traditional northern herbs for native substitutes (e.g. eucalyptus) |
|
Modern Counterpart |
Widely popular Halloween celebrations coincide with Northern Samhain and involve neighbourhood gatherings, trick-or-treating, and decorations |
Halloween celebrations are held in October, unlike Samhain festivities, which are held earlier in the year so that Southern Samhain does not occur in the spring |
Honouring Samhain with Rockpool Publishing
If you’re ready to embrace everything that Samhain has to offer your practice, or simply want to empower your self-reflection with the right toolkit, you can check out our full collection of spiritual cards, books, and gifts online today.
You’ll also find our range of oracle cards and journals, each written and designed with Samhain in mind. You can bring them to your next ritual and use them to align with the season’s transformative energy, or chronicle your journey through the veil – the power is in your hands with Rockpool Publishing’s Samhain spiritual tools.

Seasons of the Witch: Samhain Oracle
By Lorraine Anderson & Juliet Diaz
The Seasons of the Witch Samhain oracle was the first release in the iconic series.
Released back in 2020, it continues to sell out and is a popular introduction oracle for people wanting to explore witchcraft, learn about the sabbats, and connect with Samhain.

Seasons of the Witch Samhain journal
By Lorraine Anderson
According to author Lorraine Anderson, the Seasons of the Witch Samhain journal was created in response to one common question: “I pulled this oracle card, read the guidebook. What do I do now?”
Featuring 50 journal prompts, each corresponding to a card in the Seasons of the Witch Samhain Oracle Deck, the journal helps guide your journey to the answer you seek, with room to stretch your reflection well beyond the book’s provided prompts.








